{"id":11205,"date":"2022-10-31T07:27:38","date_gmt":"2022-10-31T07:27:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/heptapolis.com\/?p=11205"},"modified":"2022-11-03T14:56:44","modified_gmt":"2022-11-03T14:56:44","slug":"transfer-capital-roman-empire-rome-byzantium-constantine-great","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/heptapolis.com\/en\/transfer-capital-roman-empire-rome-byzantium-constantine-great\/","title":{"rendered":"The Transfer Of The Capital Of The Roman Empire From Rome To Byzantium &#8211; Constantine The Great"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"11205\" class=\"elementor elementor-11205\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-30261ec6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"30261ec6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-17932b5f column-style-top\" data-id=\"17932b5f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40daf2d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40daf2d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.7 - 20-09-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>The definition of consistent policy in imperial affairs was the achievement of two great soldier-emperors,\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Diocletian\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Diocletian<\/a>\u00a0(ruled 284\u2013305) and\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Constantine-I-Roman-emperor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Constantine I<\/a>\u00a0(sole emperor 324\u2013337), who together ended a century of\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/anarchy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">anarchy<\/a>\u00a0and refounded the Roman state. There are many similarities between them, not the least being the range of problems to which they addressed themselves: both had learned from the 3rd-century anarchy that one man alone and unaided could not hope to control the multiform Roman world and protect its frontiers; as soldiers, both considered reform of the army a prime necessity in an age that demanded the utmost mobility in striking power; and both found the old\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Rome\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rome<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Italy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Italy<\/a>\u00a0an unsatisfactory military base for the bulk of the imperial forces.<\/p><p>Deeply influenced by the soldier\u2019s penchant for\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/hierarchy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hierarchy<\/a>, system, and order, a taste that they shared with many of their contemporaries as well as the emperors who preceded them, they were appalled by the lack of system and the disorder characteristic of the economy and the society in which they lived. Both, in consequence, were eager to refine and regularize certain desperate expedients that had been adopted by their rough military predecessors to conduct the affairs of the Roman state. Whatever their personal religious\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/convictions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">convictions<\/a>, both, finally, believed that imperial affairs would not prosper unless the emperor\u2019s subjects worshiped the right gods in the right way.<\/p><p>The means they adopted to achieve those ends differ so profoundly that one, Diocletian, looks to the past and ends the history of Rome; the other, Constantine, looks to the future and founds the history of\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Istanbul\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Byzantium<\/a>. Thus, in the matter of succession to the imperial office, Diocletian adopted precedents he could have found in the practices of the 2nd century ce. He associated with himself a coemperor, or Augustus. Each Augustus then adopted a young colleague, or Caesar, to share in the rule and eventually to succeed the senior partner. That rule of four, or tetrarchy, failed of its purpose, and Constantine replaced it with the dynastic principle of hereditary succession, a procedure generally followed in subsequent centuries.<\/p><p>To divide administrative responsibilities, Constantine replaced the single praetorian\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/prefect-ancient-Roman-official\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prefect<\/a>, who had traditionally exercised both military and civil functions in close proximity to the emperor, with regional prefects established in the provinces and enjoying civil authority alone. In the course of the 4th century, four great \u201cregional prefectures\u201d emerged from those Constantinian beginnings, and the practice of separating civil from military authority persisted until the 7th century.<\/p><p>Contrasts in other areas of imperial policy are equally striking. Diocletian persecuted\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Christianity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christians<\/a>\u00a0and sought to revive the ancestral religion. Constantine, a convert to the new faith, raised it to the status of a \u201cpermitted religion.\u201d<\/p><p>Diocletian established his headquarters at Nicomedia, a city that never rose above the status of a provincial centre during the Middle Ages, whereas Constantinople, the city of Constantine\u2019s foundation, flourished mightily. Diocletian sought to bring order into the economy by controlling wages and prices and by initiating a currency reform based upon a new gold piece, the\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/aureus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">aureus<\/a>, struck at the rate of 60 to the pound of gold. The controls failed and the aureus vanished, to be succeeded by Constantine\u2019s gold\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/solidus-Byzantine-coin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">solidus<\/a>.<\/p><p>The latter piece, struck at the lighter weight of 72 to the gold pound, remained the standard for centuries. For whatever reason, in summary, Constantine\u2019s policies proved extraordinarily fruitful. Some of them\u2014notably hereditary succession, the recognition of Christianity, the currency reform, and the foundation of the capital\u2014determined in a lasting way the several aspects of\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/Byzantine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Byzantine<\/a>\u00a0civilization with which they are associated.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/heptapolis.com\/sites\/default\/files\/coins_0.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"250\" \/><\/p><p>Yet it would be a mistake to consider Constantine a revolutionary or to overlook those areas in which, rather than innovating, he followed precedent. Earlier emperors had sought to constrain groups of men to perform certain tasks that were deemed vital to the survival of the state but that proved unremunerative or repellent to those forced to assume the burden.<\/p><p>Such tasks included the tillage of the soil, which was the work of the peasant, or\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/colonus-ancient-tenant-farmer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">colonus<\/a>; the transport of cheap bulky goods to the\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/metropolitan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">metropolitan<\/a>\u00a0centres of Rome or Constantinople, which was the work of the shipmaster, or navicularius; and services rendered by the\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/curia-ancient-Roman-government\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">curiales<\/a>, members of the municipal senate charged with the\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/assessment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">assessment<\/a>\u00a0and collection of local taxes.<\/p><p>Constantine\u2019s laws in many instances extended or even rendered hereditary those enforced responsibilities, thus laying the foundations for the system of\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/collegia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">collegia<\/a>, or hereditary state guilds, that was to be so noteworthy a feature of late-Roman social life. \u00a0Of particular importance, he required the colonus (peasant) to remain in the locality to which the tax lists ascribed him.<\/p><p><u>The 5th century: Persistence of Greco-Roman civilization in the East<\/u><\/p><p>Whether innovative or traditional, Constantine\u2019s measures determined the thrust and direction of imperial policy throughout the 4th century and into the 5th. The state of the\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/empire-political-science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">empire<\/a>\u00a0in 395 may, in fact, be described in terms of the outcome of Constantine\u2019s work. The dynastic principle was established so firmly that the emperor who died in that year,\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Theodosius-I\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Theodosius I<\/a>, could\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/bequeath\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bequeath<\/a>\u00a0the imperial office jointly to his sons, both of whom were young and incompetent:\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Arcadius\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Arcadius<\/a>\u00a0in the East and\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Honorius-Roman-emperor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Honorius<\/a>\u00a0in the West.<\/p><p>Never again would one man rule over the full extent of the empire in both its halves. Constantinople had probably grown to a population of between 200,000 and 500,000; in the 5th century the emperors sought to restrain rather than promote its growth. After 391\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Christianity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christianity<\/a>\u00a0was far more than one among many religions: from that year onward, imperial decree prohibited all forms of pagan cult, and the\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/temple-building\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">temples<\/a>\u00a0were closed. Imperial pressure was often\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/manifest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">manifest<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/church-architecture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">church<\/a>\u00a0councils of the 4th century, with the emperor assuming a role he was destined to fill again during the 5th century in defining and suppressing heresy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The definition of consistent policy in imperial affairs was the achievement of two great soldier-emperors,&nbsp;Diocletian&nbsp;(ruled 284\u2013305) and&nbsp;Constantine I&nbsp;(sole emperor 324\u2013337), who together ended a century of&nbsp;anarchy&nbsp;and refounded the Roman state. There are many similarities between them, not the least being the range of problems to which they addressed themselves: both had learned from the 3rd-century [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11213,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[128,126],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11205","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-stoa-u","category-stoes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Transfer Of The Capital Of The Roman Empire From Rome To Byzantium - Constantine The Great - Heptapolis International Green City<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/heptapolis.com\/en\/transfer-capital-roman-empire-rome-byzantium-constantine-great\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Transfer Of The Capital Of The Roman Empire From Rome To Byzantium - Constantine The Great - Heptapolis International Green City\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The definition of consistent policy in imperial affairs was the achievement of two great soldier-emperors,&nbsp;Diocletian&nbsp;(ruled 284\u2013305) and&nbsp;Constantine I&nbsp;(sole emperor 324\u2013337), who together ended a century of&nbsp;anarchy&nbsp;and refounded the Roman state. 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